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Scientists Make Huge Breast Cancer Breakthroughs

Scientists have made huge breast cancer breakthroughs including mapping 21 cancer codes and discovering how the disease evolves. These breakthroughs are critical for not only diagnosis of cancer but treating it as well. Read more below.

Julie1205

Scientists have mapped the complete genetic codes of 21 breast cancers and created a catalogue of the mutations that accumulate in breast cells, raising hopes that the disease may be able to be spotted earlier and treated more effectively in future.

The research, the first of its kind, untangles the genetic history of how cancer evolves, allowing scientists to identify mutational patterns that fuel the growth of breast tumours, and start to work out the processes behind them.

“These findings have implications for our understanding of how breast cancers develop over the decades before diagnosis in adults and might help to find possible targets for improved diagnosis or therapeutic intervention in the future,” said Mike Stratton, who led the research team.

Breast cancer kills more than 450,000 women a year worldwide and is the most common cancer among women, accounting for 16 percent of all cases, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO).

A study last year by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation in the United States found that global breast cancer cases have more than doubled in just three decades, from 641,000 cases in 1980 to 1.6 million cases in 2010 – a pace that far exceeds global population growth.

“This is the first time we’ve been able to delve fully into breast cancer genomes in such a thorough way,” said Peter Campbell, head of cancer genetics and genomics at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Cambridge, where the studies were led.

The work had given scientists “a full panoramic view of the cancer genome” and helped them identify “mutational patterns rather than individual mutations in specific genes”, he added.

DNA MUTATIONS

“We’ve known for many years now that all cancers are due to abnormalities of DNA…that occur in every single cell of the body over the course of a lifetime,” said Stratton.

“But although we’ve known that, it’s remarkable how rudimentary our knowledge is about what the processes are that cause these abnormalities, these mutations in our DNA.”

Stratton’s team sequenced the genomes of the 21 breast cancers and catalogued all the mutations. They found five major processes that cause one letter of code to be changed to another letter. Genetic code comes in four DNA letters, A,C,G and T.

Stratton said one of the most exciting findings was that one of these processes is characterised by small pockets of massively mutated regions of the genome.

This sudden “storm” of mutations is often seen in breast cancers, he explained in an audio briefing.

While his team don’t fully understand the process behind these storms, they think it may be down to components of the cell whose normal function is to edit, or mutate, DNA.

“What we believe…is that sometimes in normal cells…this stops functioning properly and over-functions. It causes too many mutations and the accumulation of those mutations pushes the cell along the line to become cancer.”

The team found that these and other mutations accumulate in breast cells over many years, initially slowly, but picking up greater momentum as genetic damage builds up.

By the time the breast cancers are large enough to be diagnosed, they are made up of a number of genetically related families of cells, with one family dominating the cancer, Stratton explained.

Mark Walport, director of the Wellcome Trust which helped fund the work, said the results showed how scientists are starting to see the landscape of mutations in breast cancer “in something approaching its full complexity”.

“As this work continues, we can hope to understand how breast cancer develops and thus how it might be treated more effectively,” he said in a statement. 

Source:IFWT

Will Smith slaps reporter who tried to kiss him

                                            

 Will Smith slapped a male TV reporter who tried to kiss him before              yesterday's Moscow premiere of Men in Black III.

A reporter from the Ukrainian television channel 1+1 approached Smith on the red carpet, put his hand on the actor's shoulder and tried to kiss him -- and it was all caught on tape.

Smith pushed him away and then slapped him lightly across the cheek with the back of his left hand. "He's lucky I didn't sucker punch him," said a laughing but surprised Smith.

TMZ reports that the reporter, Vitalii Sediuk, is known for his odd practice of kissing celebrities.

Source: WashingtonPost

RIP Donna Summers

It has been reported that disco legend Donna Summer died this morning in Florida at the age of 63 after a battle with cancer. Summer achieved stardom with such singles as "I Feel Love," "Love to Love You Baby", "Last Dance", "Hot Stuff", and "She Works Hard for the Money". Sources tell TMZ that as of recently, Summer was finishing up a new album and attempting to keep the extent of her illness a secret.

Born LaDonna Andrea Gaines in Boston, Summer moved to Germany in the mid-70s. She began collaborating with producer Giorgio Moroder, resulting in such groundbreaking classics as "Love to Love You Baby" and "I Feel Love", which inspired generations of electronic music to come. In the late 70s and 80s, she scored mega pop hits with "Hot Stuff", "Bad Girls", "On the Radio", "She Works Hard for the Money", "This Time I Know It's for Real", and more. She won five Grammys, and was nominated for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. She continued to release albums and tour up until her death. Her last album was 2008'sCrayons.

Listen to and watch highlights from Summer's career below.

HOT STUFF 

LAST DANCE

SHE WORKS HARD FOR THE MONEY

source: Youtube... PitchFork